which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. All of the models include an element of the biological model. Continuous or partial? If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. c. superego. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. 141. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. c. tertiary prevention. 47. Attributions and cognitive errors. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? b. the libido. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. 2.2.2.3. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. c. gestalt. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Genetic issues and explanations. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. 12. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? d. secondary process thought. Module Overview. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. This is an example of behavior modification using: b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. b. cognitive-behavioral a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. 2.2.3.3. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. c. role-playing. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. 2. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. 90. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? The brain. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. See Figure 2.1 below. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. 65. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. c. regression. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. The existential perspective. Participants have similar issues. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. b. focusing on the here and now. Neurotransmitters. We see this in the case of reflexes. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. 145. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. 58. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. c. the conscious mind. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. 108. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. I know my grandmother used to. 121. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. More on that over the next two sections. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. 2.2.1.1. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. b. sociocultural c. phallic stage. b. laissez-faire parenting style. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. What are some issues facing the biological model? Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. b. behavior-focused therapists. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. d. damage control. d. transference. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. a. modeling. This might even affect how you interact with them. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. a. bodily sensations. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. b. secondary prevention. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template 23. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. b. accepting problematic thoughts. 61. 27. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. 131. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. b. transference. c. sociocultural 101. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . b. 118. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? Bertha (Anna O.) Right? Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. We will cover this process in three parts. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. 29. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. b. modeling. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. c. ineffective treatment options. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). d. the ways in which women express their femininity. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. c. humanistic-existential Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? c. psychodynamic She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. b. Freud. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. d. classical conditioning. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. b. repression. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. a. behavior-focused Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. c. unconditional positive regard. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. c. intellectualization. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. 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