in Re: 2023 Coyotes Outfitter has the best selection of big game hunting options available anywhere. All rights reserved. on Today at 10:06:40 AM, Stories from the trapline. There are many places in the United States where you can hunt sika deer. in Re: This can't be right A limit of three animals can be harvested with each bag. Spektangler deer have nearly identical seasons to whitetail deer. 3,000 Acres . Turn left to go south on Jesterville Road for 1.1 miles. Osprey, Bald Eagle, and Northern Harrier are easy to see. A boat ramp is available which makes it easy for boaters to hit the water. The majority of sika deer are found in Japan, Taiwan, and East Asia. The district office at LeCompte WMA is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday; phone 410-373-3236. And in addition to incoming waterfowl,wildlife-watching opportunities include beluga whales, wolves, brown bears, and moose. . in Re: Anyone Selling Chick Almost always, births are single calves. Outfitters is the worlds largest big game hunting company. In recent years, their population has exploded on Assateague Island, a small island off the coast of Maryland. This Whitetail Ranch, which is located in Monroe County, West Virginia, is located on 600 acres of rolling mountain meadows and hard wood forests. Ellis Bay WMA provides no camping facility for the hunters visiting this land. For reservations or further information, please contact Marie & Percy: 888-726-7863 (Toll Fee) 856-981-6612 (Marie's cell) 609-975-8127 (Work) The largest populations of free-ranging sika deer (Cervus nippon) currently exist in Texas and Maryland; there are small populations on Chincoteague Island, Virginia; North Carolina and Kentucky have very few known populations. Marked parking areas located off Muddy Hole Road. Your IP: Sika deer fishing bay / black water wildlife refug [Re: greenhead] #6942485 07/25/20 02:56 PM 07/25/20 02:56 PM: Joined: Dec 2013 Posts . Hunters are advised to bring insect repellent, minimize exposed skin and wear light-colored clothing. [More Stats], Users active in past 15 minutes:Sitka_Blacktail, Alan K, Pnwrider, Lunkerchaser, steeleywhopper, Jake Dogfish, Wood2Sawdust, Bowhunter3, Big_Sky, cavanaughcowboy, BigCutty3, Igor, B4noon, jetjockey, HntnFsh, Drifterat, BLDtraLR, hunterbuilder, hiway_99, northwesthunter84, syoungs, Dale Gribble, Brushcrawler, Tbob, ASHQUACK, buckskin, Stizz, finnman, huntnfmly, Fozzie Bear, Sakko300wsm, WAcoueshunter, Sunmoon, RB, redi, HHPro, brew, Flyfisher9, BassHunter, ffhoofer, Bigtine96, Taco280AI, FWilliams, Weatherby92, youngbuckslayer, time2hunt, Mfowl, TRIPLE D TRAPPERS, Most Online Today: 249. Animals cannot be harvested by anyone other than those who have paid for them. The district office at LeCompte WMA is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday; phone 410-373-3236. The State of Maryland pledges to provide constituents, businesses, customers, and stakeholders with friendly and courteous, timely and responsive, accurate and consistent, accessible and convenient, and truthful and transparent services. on Today at 11:03:26 AM, For youth hunters under age 18. From the Western Shore: Take US Route 50/US Route 301 to the Bay Bridge and continue south and then east on US Route 50 toward (but not all the way to) Salisbury. Sika stag by Brian Eyler, MD DNR. (410) 651-2320. 4915 Greenspring Avenue To protect Chesapeake Bay wetlands, this area was purchased by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources in 1957 and has been offering outdoor and nature enthusiasts recreational opportunities ever since. on Today at 12:45:47 PM. Furthermore, scouting and patterning for Sika deer are notoriously difficult. I live in Memphis, home to DU's national headquarters and within a two-hour drive from some of the best waterfowling this country has to offer. on Yesterday at 07:02:37 AM Out Of State Hunting. Min/Max Elevation. "Rochester has some of the best goose hunting in the country. Information reported to the hotline in the past has helped to eliminate certain fraudulent activities and protect State resources. Maryland is home to a large number of sika deer, which are abundant in the state and can be hunted. There are two state Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in Dorchester County that allow sika hunting. . Size: Hunting is allowed on 1,900 acres. ATV use is prohibited. Hinds generally remain in small family groups with their young, sometimes including offspring from the previous year. Hunter Ed, This article was originally published on January 17, 2022. We're available on the following channels. Otherpremier public hunting areas include St. Clair Flats State Wildlife Area and Pointe Mouille State Game Area. White-tailed deer and many other wildlife species also use the area. Use this Map MD Public Hunting Areas Maryland offers various hunting opportunities for the majority of game species. Would also step off on the fishing bay wma occasionally and had success there as well. on Today at 07:19:04 AM, Everything archery, longbows, compounds, releases, arrows, etc, Last post by HUNTINCOUPLE Location: Southeastern Wicomico County . The Maryland sika deer herd has an unusual opportunity to kill a non-native deer. Wha about fishing bay wma? Elk Hunting topics, discussion, and reports. This area was purchased in 1957 by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources in order to preserve Chesapeake Bay wetlands, and is still managed by DNR today. . NRA, Last post by Jake Dogfish Padilla Bay holds the largest wintering population ofthese birds north of Mexico. In 1.3 miles, turn right to go south on Trinity Church Road. This map source includes coverage for all 787 public hunting areas in Maryland and is based on the official boundaries published by the Maryland Dept of Natural Resources. Parking Roads and Trails (Boat Access Only) Wildlife and Heritage Service LeCompte WMA . The sika deer is a species of deer that is native to East Asia and can be found in countries such as Japan, Russia, and China. Chincoteague is a small island off the coast of Virginia that is home to a large population of sika deer. Boat ramps, including one located on the property and others located nearby, provide convenient access; see the MD Water Access Interactive Map. Stay on Nanticoke Road for 15 miles, then turn left to go south on MD Route 351/Capitola Road (aka the Blue Crab Scenic Byway). "There are so many brant, they should bethe state bird," he says. 155 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<92FE52C0512D3E47BDBC320D547658AE>]/Index[121 49]/Info 120 0 R/Length 149/Prev 487575/Root 122 0 R/Size 170/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Then turn left to go south on Hickman Lane for 0.7 miles. To reach the Nutter Road area from Muddy Hole Road, via state routes: Go north on Trinity Church Road to MD Route 351/Capitola Road (aka the Blue Crab Scenic Byway) and turn left to go west. Public Land. on February 27, 2023, 04:02:58 PM. Each state receives a share of the funds, which is administered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; these funds are used for wildlife conservation and hunter education programs, including the management of the WMA system. The sika deer is an introduced species in Maryland, and it is thought to have first arrived in the state in the early 1900s. The deer is known to cause damage to crops and property, and can also carry diseases that can be harmful to humans. in Re: 9th Annual - 2023 YO on Yesterday at 06:40:26 AM, Last post by GWP Pat Mayse WMA USACE ordnance remediation project map. Brown-headed Nuthatch is abundant year-round. Sika deer employ bounce locomotion to flee danger, much like mule deer. Maryland Ornithological Society, Inc. . Opportunities for light and dark geese, puddle ducks,divers, brant, and even sea ducks exist for those who put in the time to scout and get to know a specific area," says DU regional director John Tierney. ", "The St. Louis area is home to many private duck clubs in the St. Charles Bottoms and has a rich heritage of exclusive waterfowling," says Troy LaRue, DUdirector of fundraising and volunteer relations. Whitefish are most commonly seen near marshes on the islands coast, but they can also be found in loblolly pine stands, which are located near the forest edges. The annual baghere accounts for about 10 percent of all waterfowl harvested in Alaska. China, Taiwan, and East Asia all have populations of sika deer. The majority of Ellis Bay WMA is best seen by boat. In 1.3 miles, turn left to go west on MD Route 349/Nanticoke Road. Draws, There are currently 12,000 deer in the United States, but they are not found in Florida. on December 26, 2022, 04:31:20 PM. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Last post by huntnphool From points north on the Eastern Shore: Use US Route 301 or MD Route 213 to reach US Route 50 southbound. on Today at 07:21:31 AM. Sika deer have enormous, long, and narrow hooves, making them an impressive sight. These deer are relatively small, with males reaching a maximum weight of around 120 pounds and females around 80 pounds. 4220 Steele Neck Road . During the breeding season, a male usually keeps a harem of females and is very territorial. %%EOF Washington State Hunting Forum and Northwest Resource Site, Login with username, password and session length. . Use of Parkers Creek WMA is generally permitted seven days a week throughout the year. MOS Mailing Address: A Penn State researcher is being asked by the National Park Service to assess the impact of exotic deer on the island. ", Wrinn's favorite hunting spot is the Potomac River just south of the capital. Fish and Wildlife Service. on February 28, 2023, 07:08:56 PM, Say yar prayers, Varmint!!! A refuge permit is required and can easily be obtained via the Recreation.gov website. There are currently 12,000 sika deer in the United States, with the majority of them found on the lower Eastern Shore. "They offer some pretty phenomenal hunting.". in Re: Lick creek unit 175 Min/Max Elevation. Red-headed Woodpeckers nest in the forested areas at Ellis Bay, as do Red-bellied, Pileated, Hairy, and Downy Woodpeckers, and Northern Flicker. It is perfect habitat for ducks and wading birds, like herons and egrets. on March 01, 2023, 01:10:30 PM. WMA Boundary (3,208 acres) Boat Ramp . We'll send you the members-only hunts, professional hunting tips, deals on hunting gear, and much more! Finding any sheds? In the South Bay, theDon Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge also offers good public waterfowling. Each hunt is individually tailored to you, as well as the best hunting setup and guide, to ensure that you have the best experience possible. in Re: New Goslings 77.93.223.218 From this parking area, a dirt road leads almost due south to the boat launch ramp, where there is another parking lot. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2cfadc9feeb34d Some hunters take to the woods for hunting an elk, bulk, or just a deer. DNR, Hinds have also been found to move several miles for calving and then return to their home range. The Missouri Department of Conservation manages several state conservationareas that offer some of the best public hunting for mallards and other dabbling ducks in the nation. If there was every a hunt talk Sika deer hunt id be down to join if i could make it work. The number of sika deer in Delaware could be reduced from 25 to 15 under the Division of Fish and Wildlifes proposed management plan. Detroit is close to several federal and state wildlife areas that have good waterfowl habitat and hunting access. Its name comes from Shika the Japanese word for Deer.. And do not confuse the Nutter Road site with the Nutters Neck area of Nanticoke River Wildlife Management Area, which is farther to the north within Wicomico County. No restrooms. In 1.3 miles, turn right to go south on Trinity Church Road. And in about two hours, duck hunters can drive down to theGrasslands, the largest contiguous block of wetlands in California. Many countries consider zebra deer to be a valuable game animal. In Europe, a non-trophy hunt, such as a doe hunt or a non-trophy hunt, can cost a hunter $500 per day. Last post by dwtraut7 in Re: Fur sale March 25th By hiring an outfitter, you may also have access to private lands that would otherwise be unavailable to you. Ellis Bay WMA Larry Hogan Governor . It is not necessary to be a teenager or an adult to shoot with accuracy at a moderate distance, and a good sized Sika Deer will be caught. Last post by nwwanderer To unlock all Public and Private hunting land and to get early access to hundreds of exclusive hunts, please sign up to become a Premium Member. Then follow directions above. The primary destination for hunting on the Wicomico River is at Ellis Bay Wildlife Management Area which is located on the Atlantic Flyway. Permits are available for hunting on the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. They prefer to live in areas with a high level of woody plants, and they particularly enjoy the trees birch and beech. E-Newsletter Archive. The sika deer hunting season in the state lasts from early November to early March. The Pat Mayse WMA consists of 8,925 acres located in the Post Oak Savannah Ecological Region on the western edge of the Pat Mayse Reservoir in northern Lamar County. Truly challenging hunt, in a beautiful area, and one of the best tasting animals out there. The upland portions of Ellis Bay WMA also hold a good assortment of birds. Boat ramps, including one located on the property and others located nearby, provide convenient access. Monie Bay Ellis Bay Non-Hunting Users Non-hunting visitors are welcome. JavaScript is required to use content on this page. During most of the year, sika hinds generally remain in small family groups with their young, sometimes including offspring from the previous year. Shorebirds include Wilsons Snipe and American Woodcock. Be aware of strong currents in the area. From U.S. 50, take MD 349 west to Capitola Road, south to Trinity Church Road, west to Muddy Hole Road and Ellis Bay WMA. Hunters will find white-tailed deer, squirrels, woodcock, ducks, Canada geese and cottontail rabbits. All State and Federal Hunting Laws and Regulations are applicable. There are two types of sika deer in the Manchurian family, the largest of which is the Manchurian sika deer, which stands about 125 cm tall at the shoulder and has a tail that is 18 cm long. Sika deer have been discovered in various locations in the United States, including Texas and Virginia, as well as Marylands Eastern Shore. Many hunters from all over the country come to the eastern shore during the fall to hunt sika deer. Anglers and seafood lovers will enjoy crabbing and fishing for trout, white perch and rockfish. Sika stags typically weigh 90 pounds while females, aka hinds, weigh around 70 pounds. Warm-season Flycatchers include Eastern Phoebe, Eastern Wood-Pewee, Eastern Kingbird, Acadian Flycatcher, and Great Crested Flycatcher. sika deer, an animal not native to Delaware, poses a threat to the states native wildlife, so the Division is working to keep them from becoming a nonnative species. Blackwater National Wildlife refuge allows permit hunts. But you don't have to belong to a duck club to enjoy good waterfowl hunting here. Vernon . Males, aka stags, also have a dark shaggy mane running down their neck. Muddy Marsh Outfitters has preset stands in shark travel corridors and baited areas, in addition to its standard stands. The main part is denoted by the Ellis Bay WMA eBird hotspot. In the United States, sika deer have been introduced in various locations, including Texas, Virginia, and Marylands Eastern Shore. Aug 6, 2017 #3 HighWildFree Active member. in Re: Chanterelles 2022 Aug 19, 2017 #14 GlockZ Well-known member. A Look At Safety Regulations And Spectator Enjoyment, How To Calculate Distance With Binoculars, Exploring The Power Of Binoculars: A Look At How We Can Observe And Identify Germs, Experience Japanese Craftsmanship And Precision With Orion Binoculars From Japan, Choosing The Best Binoculars For Sightseeing: A Guide To Understanding Features And Making The Right Choice. Maryland Ellis Bay WMA - Unit Overview. "It's great to be able to hunt with Congressional staff and have Mount Vernon in the background, knowing that George Washington once looked over the samemarsh. Ellis Bay WMA provides no camping facility for the hunters visiting this land. Sika deer generally reach sexual maturity at around 16 months. Please be aware of your surroundings and obey all posted signage and verbal commands from USACE staff and contractors. Go to last tree out in marsh, then go one more tree :) 3. Thanks for the replys. Can You Hunt Small Game Without A License? A few trails near the parking areas off Muddy Hole Road are maintained and suitable for birding, but are not actively marked. Click to reveal The best place to hunt sika deer in Virginia is on Chincoteague Island. Just acrossthe Mississippi River is eastern Arkansas, renowned for its world-class flooded timber and rice fields, which attract mallardsand duck hunterslike magnets. I cant really speak for fishing bay. For more information on deer management in Maryland please click here. Motorized vehicles are prohibited. Win A Youth Turkey Hunt, Last post by WSU You will need a tree stand, I use a Lone Wolf Climber most trees in the marsh are pines, make sure it's a live . They prefer dense understory areas with little snowfall, and they have spread to a wide range of areas across the country. I'd either go archery or muzzleloader. Today, the population primarily inhabits Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset, and Worcester counties as well as Assateague Island. Nest boxes for Barn Owls have been erected to supplement natural tree cavities for nesting. 449 S 12th St.Tampa, Florida 33602United States, Hunting Deer With Dogs In Virginia The Most Popular Method. Hinds during the day generally move about a half mile between feeding and bedding areas, while stags move much longer distances in a given day. Only a 6 hour or so drive from western Pa. Lots of good memories from years of bowhunting BWNR. In Maryland, their numbers are currently stable, but they should be monitored to ensure their survival. This board is focused on getting people back in touch with their property. "The greater Puget Sound area is blessed with waterfowl hunting as varied as anywhere in the nation. need some help for my trip im planning when I exit army . "Duck clubs manage more than 31,000 acres of key waterfowl habitat in this region.". There are two state Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in Dorchester County that allow sika hunting. The many creeks that dissect the marsh offer views into the lives of the marshland wildlife. Cylburn Mansion Vernon public boat ramps. There is also a parking area for the adjacent Chesapeake Forest Lands Fair Meadow Complext on Nutter Road. 24614 Posts 2981 Topics Last post by BKMFR in Re: So whats a great muz. Last post by ridgefire in Re: WTT Hornady 6.5 120 View hunting maps for Maryland Public Hunting Areas Ellis Bay WMA. in Re: Got some kitties on . Migration Alert: Pacific Northwest Hunters Wrap Up Season on a High Note, Migration Alert: Light Geese Pushing into Mid-Latitude States in Central and Mississippi Flyways, Some of the nation's best waterfowling is only a short drive away from these metropolitan areas. on Today at 11:48:13 AM, Guides, Calls, Magazines, Services, Breeders, other sponsors. Mark Sturm, a National Park Service ecologist, has been experimenting with exclosure fences to study the effects of deer and horses. In Maryland, the sika deer is considered to be an invasive species and can be found in the eastern part of the state. in Re: can I ditch my garmi The eastern shore is home to a variety of game species, including sikas, which are popular among hunters from a wide range of states. Many of the Interior roads consist of logging trails and require a four-wheel drive vehicle to navigate them. Maryland Hunting Maps App. Weve made it easier than ever to donate to the Birders Guide to Maryland and DC. The eastern U.S. is one of the most affordable states for deer hunting, and this is one of the better-value out-of-state deer seasons. We specialize in large Red Stags as well as large Bull Tahrs (on foot) with helicopter transportation. Last post by dvolmer 688. Over-wintering Yellow-rumped Warblers are abundant fall through spring. Hows the hunting. Sika deer hunting is a phenomenon that will be engraved in your mind forever when undertaken with due diligence. There are 31 Sika deer hunting trips listed by Guidefitter. "Layout shooting for diversand dabblers on these big lakes can be extremely exciting. Their horn is prized by hunters due to its medicinal properties, so they are primarily hunted for it. There are three permanently flowing streams on the Pat Mayse Wildlife Management Area: Sanders Creek, Craddock Creek and Sand Branch as well as many small water impoundments scattered throughout the area. Contest coming soon! The breeding season begins around late September and gestation lasts approximately 30 weeks, with most calves born in May. Ellis Bay Wildlife Management Area is a hunting area owned by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and is located southwest of Salisbury on a point of land between the Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers. As a small animal, their bugling is loud and unearthly, and it can be heard in the woods. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. endstream endobj 122 0 obj <. It varies greatly depending on where you hunt sika deer. There are many different Virginia sika deer hunting guides available online and in stores. For additional information contact the LeCompte Work Center at (410)376-3236. If you must hunt in woods or partial woods, find woods that are surrounded by swamp, they may cross through areas like that. "This area is dottedwith potholes and has several tidal creeks flowing through it, including Campbell Creek along the coast, which DU helped secure from development," Weber says. The Pat Mayse WMA consists of 8,925 acres located in the Post Oak Savannah Ecological Region on the western edge of the Pat Mayse Reservoir in northern Lamar County. Last post by kselkhunter White-tailed deer and many other wildlife species also use the area. on Today at 07:46:50 AM, Taxidermy tips and photos, Scoring, Record Book info. These deer are most active at dawn and dusk, and they prefer to spend their time in wooded areas. Vernon public boat ramps. Rocky Fork Whitetails is the only place in the world where you can hunt Sika deer. This map shows the average number of days that waterfowl hunters spent afield (19992002) in each U.S. county, according to U.S. in Re: Hardware for elk eur Download today, and you can record, track, and navigate for free. D.O.A. When you make a reservation, you must pay a $500 non-refundable deposit. in Re: Black bear sidearm Ellis Bay WMA is located in southwestern Wicomico County on Muddy Hole Road. But there'salso an abundance of public land near town. We have 160 wooded acres for fishing and ATV rides, as well as stocked ponds for hunting ducks, geese, and pheasants. Their presence has grown in Maryland over the years, with their number now exceeding 10,000 people. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Most Online Ever: 3436 (December 18, 2019, 11:25:23 PM). on Today at 08:42:46 AM, Let's talk hounds, curs, and beagles Visit the WA State Hound Council, Last post by brokentrail Bayberry, catbrier, and poison ivy are a few of the preferred food choices. About 30 duck clubs on Great Salt Lake encompass nearly 22,000 acres. 21 acres. Hours: Open daily year round, 24 hours a day. Eastern Asia has been known to be home to a variety of deer, including sika deer, which can be found in temperate and subtropical forests. Show off your "out-of-state" hunt photos and discuss draws and opportunities. The sika deer is an interesting and endangered species. Tell us about your favorite fishin' holes and gear. in Re: Longview area Ellis Bay WMA is an active hunting area. Email subscriber privacy policy In some cases you can't even see land, and the shooting can be fast and furious," Tori says. The Maryland herd, which is the largest free-ranging herd in the United States, has between 10,000 and 15,000 members. Sikas are one of the most vocal members of the Deer family (Cervidae) and have at least 5 distinct calls. It has a long tail that measures about 18 cm (7 in) and a broad shoulder blade, as well as a height of 125 cm (49 in). A few miles northwest of Anchorage is the Susitna Flats State Game Refuge, which is also accessible by boat, but only if the tide is right. Where can I hunt sika deer? Animals that can freely roam and freely enter and exit enclosures can reduce deer populations in a variety of ways. \^Z]`\P$#Cn{fb`_ q @ The deer are having a detrimental effect on the islands ecosystem, causing problems for native plants and animals. There are two state Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in Dorchester County that allow sika hunting. Bald eagles soar overhead in search of a meal, while barn owls nest in boxes provided for them in the marsh. Copyright Maryland.gov. Ill look into it delaware rob. Swallows are abundant in summer, with Purple Martin and Tree, Bank, and Barn Swallows. in Re: Guidance on good you In about 0.7 miles, Trinity Church will come to a T-intersection at Muddy Hole Road. Location. Latest Member: jenjen2416 on March 02, 2023, 11:16:46 AM, Last post by konradcountry Proportionally to white-tailed deer, sika deer have shorter snouts and smaller ears. The Detroit River International WildlifeRefuge, managed jointly by the U.S. Board sponsored by R.R. The primary attraction at Ellis Bay WMA are water- and marsh-related species. Jeannie Haddaway -Riccio Secretary .5 0 .5 1.0 1.5 miles Mt. A sika deer can weigh up to 100 pounds dressed, but this is uncommon for a nonnative species. Only you get to hunt down the Sika deer because it can be draining to find one. Sika deer prefer marshes and thick forested wetlands and have established a population concentration in southern Dorchester County. Here on Guidefitter, we have the best deer, elk, bear, and other large game guides. Select species: Sika deer, white-tailed deer and waterfowl. Latest Post: "Re: Tristar Double Barre" ( Today at 12:45:47 PM ) Download today, and you can record, track, and navigate for free. "Once amarket hunter's stronghold in the late 1800s, it is now a sportsman's paradise.". "I set about 70 scaup and canvasback decoys on long lines weighted on both endsto accommodate the changing tide. It is a 3,200-acre wet wonderland. Popular waterfowl hunting areas near Seattle include Skagit and Padilla bays and the Nisqually River Delta. The Old Dominion is an excellent place to hunt deer, so it should be at the top of your list when it comes to hunting destinations. "The most fun is hunting near the city, where you can clearly see the skyline whilelying in the marsh waiting for the brant and black ducks to fly by. This species is not native to the United States and is only found on Assateague Island in Virginia. Sikas tend to keep their white spots as adults which are more prominent during summer. Furthermore, the lodge has a wrap-around deck that can be used as a relaxing spot after a long day of hunting. Sika antlers can reach lengths up to 15 inches. Please enable scripts and reload this page. in Re: Forum Features: Boar on February 22, 2023, 05:25:54 AM, Antelope, Cougar, Exotics, Moose, Goat, Sheep, etc.